@-M15
          Section 2; Structure and Written Expressions.
               40 Questions. Time - 25 minutes.

 This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize
 language that is apropriate for standard written English.
 There are two types of questions in this section, with special
 directions for each type.

 DIRECTIONS: Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath
             each sentence you will see four words or phrases,
             marked (1),(2),(3), and (4). Choose the one word or
             phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your
             answer sheet, find the number of the question and mark
             the letter you have chosen.
*
!-Y3
 1.---- are prepared from flour or meal derived from some form
   of grain.
 (1) With bakery products
 (2) While bakery products
 (3) Bakery products
 (4) They are bakery products
*
?
 1.---- are prepared from flour or meal derived from some form
   of grain.
 (3) Bakery products (it's subject; nothing more is required)
*
!-Y1
 2. Glass that has been tempered may be up to ----.
 (1) five times as hard as ordinary glass
 (2) as hard as ordinary glass five times
 (3) as hard as ordinary glass times five
 (4) ordinary glass as hard as five times
*
?
 2. Glass that has been tempered may be up to ----.
 (1) five times as hard as ordinary glass (P98)
*
!-Y4
 3. Legumes take nitrogen into their roots ---- the air.
 (1) except
 (2) however
 (3) but
 (4) from
*
?
 3. Legumes take nitrogen into their roots ---- the air.
 (4) from ('from' indicates source, origin)
*
!-Y2
 4. The bodies of living creatures are organized into many
    different systems, each of which has ---- function.
 (1) certainly
 (2) a certain
 (3) it is certainly
 (4) to be certain
*
?
 4. The bodies of living creatures are organized into many
    different systems, each of which has ---- function.
 (2) a certain (an adjective [not adverb] is required)
*
!-Y1
 5. While staying in Florence, Italy, in 1894, ---- that she
    had a talent for sculpture and began taking lessons.
 (1)  philanthropist Winfred Holt discovered
 (2)  that the philanthropist Winfred Holt discovered
 (3)  discovered by philanthropist Winfred Holt
 (4)  there philanthropist Winfred Holt discovered
*
?
 5. While staying in Florence, Italy, in 1894, ---- that she
    had a talent for sculpture and began taking lessons.
 (1)  philanthropist Winfred Holt discovered
      (subject + verb; 'while staying...' is verbal modifier; P215)
*
!-Y1
 6. The juice contained in the brittles of the nettle causes
    an intense itch when ---- a persons skin.
 (1)   it enters
 (2)   entering it
 (3)   there it enters
 (4)   its entry in
*
?
 6. The juice contained in the brittles of the nettle causes
    an intense itch when ---- a persons skin.
 (1)   it enters (when + subject + verb; P127, P135)
*
!-Y4
 7. ---- west of the Rocky Mountains.
 (1)    Tornadoes almost occur never
 (2)    Tornadoes never occur almost
 (3)    Never tornadoes almost occur
 (4)    Tornadoes almost never occur
*
?
 7. ---- west of the Rocky Mountains.
 (4)    Tornadoes almost never occur ( subject + adverb(manner) + verb;
                  'almost' modify (makes less strong) word 'never')
*
!-Y4
 8. ---- created the donkey and elephant that symbolize
     the Democratic and Republican parties.
 (1)    Although Thomas Nast
 (2)    That was Thomas Nast
 (3)    Thomas Nast, who
 (4)    It was Thomas Nast who
*
?
 8. ---- created the donkey and elephant that symbolize
     the Democratic and Republican parties.
 (4)    It was Thomas Nast who  (emphatic structure, focussing on the
        name of Th. Nast)
*
!-Y3
 9. Perhaps the oldest theories of business cycles are ----
    that linked their cause to fluctuations of the harvest.
 (1) whatever
 (2) everything
 (3) those
 (4) them
*
?
 9. Perhaps the oldest theories of business cycles are ----
    that linked their cause to fluctuations of the harvest.
     whatever ; everything  ( it's singular; doesn't agree with 'are' ; P209)
 (3) those (Right, 'those' refers back to 'theories' )
     them (it's object pronoun)
*
!-Y4
 10. In ----, the advent of the telephone, radio, and telegraph
     has made rapid long-distance communication possible.
 (1) one hundred years later
 (2) one hundred years ago
 (3) the one hundred years since
 (4) the last one hundred years
*
?
10. In ----, the advent of the telephone, radio, and telegraph
    has made rapid long-distance communication possible.
 (4) the last one hundred years ('In' requires an interval of time,
                not an initial moment)
*
!-Y2
 11. Not every pearl that is found ----.
     (1) of value
     (2) is valuable
     (3) to be valued
     (4) valuable
*
?
 11. Not every pearl that is found ----.
 (2) is valuable (only here is a verb; verb is necessary, because
        the rest of the phrase is a subject)
*
!-Y3
 12. The clay burial vessels from the early Hopewell culture of
     North America are decorated with zigzag, grooved, and
 (1) geometrically designed
 (2) designs are geometric
 (3) geometric designs
 (4) geometry designed
*
?
 12. The clay burial vessels from the early Hopewell culture of
    North America are decorated with zigzag, grooved, and
                                     ======  =======
 (3) geometric designs
     =========
 ('zigzag' and 'grooved' are an adjectives; the third adjective is
   'geometric'; all they describe noun 'designs'.

*
!-Y3
 13. Only rarely ---- neuroses leave a person unable to function
     in everyday situations.
 (1) had
 (2) are
 (3) do
 (4) that
*
?
 13. Only rarely ---- neuroses leave a person unable to function
    in everyday situations.
 (3) do (P133; negative emphasis require inverse word order)

*
!-Y2
 14. Pure naphtha is highly explosive if ---- to an open flame.
 (1) it exposed
 (2) exposed
 (3) expose it
 (4) is it exposed
*
?
 14. Pure naphtha is highly explosive if ---- to an open flame.
     it exposed     (there is a subject, but 'exposed' can't be a
                     main verb, because 'naphta' IS EXPOSED rather
                     than EXPOSES. 'Is' absent.
 (2) exposed        (the only right choice; "if exposed" is an
                     abbreviation from "it is exposed")
     expose it      (verb without an subject)
     is it exposed  (wrong word order)

*
!-Y2
 15. Sidney Lamier was most famous for his poetry, but ---- a
     schoolteacher, a literally critic, and a musician.
 (1) was including
 (2) he was also
 (3) moreover he
 (4) together with
*
?
 15. Sidney Lamier was most famous for his poetry, but ---- a
    schoolteacher, a literally critic, and a musician.
     was including  (doesn't fit)
 (2) he was also    (OK)
     moreover he    (verb is absent)
     together with  (verb is absent)
*
@-M25
 DIRECTIONS: in questions 16-40 each sentences has four
             underlined words or phrases. The four underlined
             parts of the sentence are marked (1),(2),(3), and (4).
             Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be
             changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then,
             on your answer sheet, find the number of the question
             and mark the letter you have chosen.
*
!-Y1
 16. Fewest than half of all adults fully understand the kinds
     (1)                  (2)                      (3)
    and amounts of exercise necessary for an effective physical
                                              (4)
    fitness program.
*
?
 16. FeweR  than half of all adults fully understand the kinds
    (1) ====
    and amounts of exercise necessary for an effective physical
    fitness program.
    (Comparative <= 'than'; P101)
*
!-Y2
 17. Clare Boothe Luce wrote and productioned her first play
                  (1)           (2)(3)       (4)
    while she was in high school.
*
?
 17. Clare Boothe Luce wrote and produced her first play
                                (2)
    while she was in high school.
    (Verb is 'produce' rather than 'production'; P230)
*
!-Y3
 18. Grasses form a substantial partly of the diet of many
             (1)   (2) (3)    (4)
    ruminants.
*
?
 18. Grasses form a substantial part [no '-ly']  of the diet of many
                               (3)
    ruminants.   (noun is 'part'; P230)
*
!-Y2
 19. Every society changes, but not change at the same rate
     (1)          (2)        (3)
     or in the same direction.
               (4)
*
?
 19. Every society changes, but DOES not change at the same rate
                           (2)------
     or in the same direction.       (Auxiliary verb required; P46)
*
!-Y3
 20. How many people know that the Brooklyn Bridge, built in
         (1)                                       (2)
   1883, were the world's first suspension bridge?
         (3)                              (4)
*
?
 20. How many people know that the Brooklyn Bridge, built in
                              ===================
   1883, WAS  the world's first suspension bridge?      (singular; P205)
         (3)

*
!-Y1
 21. In the United States, the bark the eastern hemlock is
                               (1)
    the main source of tannin for curing leather.
    (2) (3)           (4)
*
?
 21. In the United States, the bark OF the eastern hemlock is
                              (1)---
    the main source of tannin for curing leather. ('of' indicates origin)
*
!-Y1
 22. After to have won the light-heavyweight title at the
           (1)                                 (2)
    1960 Olympic Games, Muhammad Ali began to box
                                     (3)
    professionally.
    (4)
*
?
 22. After HAVING won the light-heavyweight title at the
          (1)
    1960 Olympic Games, Muhammad Ali began to box
    professionally.  (Prepositions are never used before an
    infinitive, but can be used with an -ing form)
*
!-Y4
 23. The common field mouse is about four inches long and has
         (1) (2)                            (3)
    a three-inched tail.
      (4)
*
?
 23. The common field mouse is about four inches long and has
    a THREE-INCH tail.  (P84)
      (4)
*
!-Y1
 24. Friendship, stability, and trusty are frequently mentioned
                                (1)     (2) (3)
    as criteria for a worthwile relationship between people.
                                             (4)
*
?
 24. Friendship, stability, and TRUST are frequently mentioned
                               (1)
    as criteria for a worthwile relationship between people.
    ('trust' is a noun)
*
!-Y2
 25. The word "classic" comes of Latin and initially meant
     (1)           (2)           (3) (4)
    "superior".
*
?
 25. The word "classic" comes FROM Latin and initially meant
                       (2)
    "superior". ('from', not 'of' shows source)

*
!-Y1
 26. Perhaps was his own lack of proper schooling that led Horace
     (1)                 (2)     (3)
    Mann to struggle for the important reforms in education.
                                                  (4)
*
?
 26. Perhaps IT was his own lack of proper schooling that led Horace
    (1)----
    Mann to struggle for the important reforms in education.
    (Subject - 'it' - required)
*
!-Y1
 27. Antibiotics can be convenience grouped according to the
                        (1)         (2)
    species of microorganisms they inhibit.
    (3)                        (4)
*
?
 27. Antibiotics can be convenientLY grouped according to the
                ====== (1)
    species of microorganisms they inhibit.
    (an  adverb is required to modify a verb; P230)
*
!-Y4
 28. Latent learning is the association of indifferent stimuli
            (1)    (2)
    or situations with one the other without reward.
    (3)          (4)
*
?
 28. Latent learning is the association of indifferent stimuli
    or situations with one ANOTHER   without reward.
                           (4)
    ('one another' is an idiomatic expression)
*
!-Y3
 29. An able flier, a crow may travel thirty or forty miles
             (1)        (2)
    the day before it returns home.
    (3)           (4)
*
?
 29. An able flier, a crow may travel thirty or forty miles
    A day before it returns home.
    (3)         ( 'a' = 'any one'; 'the' refers some specific
    day, but we describe a general situation)
*
!-Y1
 30. Not only Kingsley House Settlement nor all phases of the
                                        (1)
    civic life of New Orleans keenly interested Eleanor McMain.
    (2)                (3) (4)
*
?
 30. Not only Kingsley House Settlement BUT ALSO all phases of the
                                       (1)-----
    civic life of New Orleans keenly interested Eleanor McMain.
    (P122)
*
!-Y3
 31. Today's job seekers are confronted with such question as
             (1)             (2)      (3)
    "Are you computer literate?" and "Can you set up a data
                                              (4)
    base?"
*
?
 31. Today's job seekers are confronted with such questionS as
                                            (3)-
    "Are you computer literate?" and "Can you set up a data
    base?"         (There are two questions => plural )
*
!-Y2
 32. The primary concern of a central bank is to maintenance
                 (1)                      (2)
    of a sound based commercial banking structure.
         (3)            (4)
*
?
 32. The primary concern of a central bank is (to maintAIN/ THE maintenance)
                                             (2)-------------------
    of a sound based commercial banking structure.
    (The complement must be either a noun (with articl 'the' instead of
        prep. 'to' , or a verb; verb is 'to maintain')
*
!-Y4
 33. Accurate meteorological predictions can be formulated
     (1)                (2)
    using techniques derived from chemicals, physics, and
                     (3)      (4)
    mathematics.
*
?
 33. Accurate meteorological predictions can be formulated
    using techniques derived from chemiSTRY, physics, and
                                  (4) ========
    mathematics. (parallel structure - nouns; P217)
    ===========
*
!-Y1
 34. As the numeral of older people increases, services for
            (1)    (2)
    the elderly will soon represent one of the fastest-growing
    (3)
    areas of employment.
    (4)
*
?
 34. As the NUMBER  of older people increases, services for
           (1)
    the elderly will soon represent one of the fastest-growing
    areas of employment. ('numeral' refers to digits)
*
!-Y2
 35. A manifest is an itemizing list of the goods or
                (1) (2)      (3)
    passengers a vessel is carrying.
                           (4)
*
?
 35. A manifest is an itemizED  list of the goods or
                      (2)
    passengers a vessel is carrying.
    ( Somebody itemizes the list;
     the list is itemizED; P85)
*
!-Y1
 36. For a quarter of century, Maud McCreery was a compelling
                   (1)                   (2)
    figure in Wisconsin's suffrage and labor movements.
                                       (3) (4)
*
?
 36. For a quarter of A century, Maud McCreery was a compelling
                  (1)
    figure in Wisconsin's suffrage and labor movements.
    (an article is necessary, because 'century' is a count noun).
*
!-Y1
 37. Like jazz, African-American quilts are lively and
     spontaneously, but unlike jazz, the quilts are just now
     (1)     (2)                      (3)
    starting to receive recognition.
             (4)
*
?
 37. Like jazz, African-American quilts are lively and
    spontaneous [ not '-ly'], but unlike jazz, the quilts are just now
    (1)
    starting to receive recognition.
    (adjective is required by nouns; 'lively' is an adjective too)
*
!-Y2
 38. Linoleum is a trade name for the waterproof floors covering
                   (1)                         (2)
    most often used in kitchens.
    (3)      (4)
*
?
 38. Linoleum is a trade name for the waterproof floor [not '-s'] covering
                                                (2)---------
    most often used in kitchens. (P83;  adjective aren't plural)
*
!-Y4
 39. In 1984 the world population rose to over 4.7 billion, up
                                  (1)
    almost 85 million from an estimate made the year ago.
    (2)                    (3)               (4)
*
?
 39. In 1984 the world population rose to over 4.7 billion, up
                                 (1)
    almost 85 million from an estimate made the year BEFORE.
    (2)                    (3)               (4)
    ('ago ' is used with a specific, as in "one year ago")
*
!-Y3
 40. Industrialist Henry Ford introduced assembly-line techniques
     (1)            (2)
    into the manufacturer of motor vehicles.
             (3)          (4)
*
?
 40. Industrialist Henry Ford introduced assembly-line techniques
    (1)            (2)
    into the manufacturING of motor vehicles.
             (3)          (4)
   (an -ing form means a process; ...-er means 'one who makes' )
*
@-M30
 This section is designed to measure your comprehension of
 standard written English. There are two types of questions
 in this section, with special directions for each type.

 DIRECTIONS: In questions 1-30 each sentence has an underlined
           word or phrase. Below each sentence are four other
           words or phrases, marked (1),(2),(3), and (4). You are
           to choose the one word or phrase that BEST KEEPS THE
           MEANING of the original sentence if it is substituted
           for the underlined word or phrase. Then, on your
           answer sheet, find the number of the question and mark
           the letter you have chosen.
*
!-Y2
 1. It is difficult to get young people to plan for their old
    age, which seems very distant to them.
                          
 (1)  impossible
 (2)  faraway
 (3)  observable
 (4)  fearful
*
!-Y1
 2. Receptors for the sense of smell located at the top of
                                                    
    the nasal cavity.
 (1)  upper end
 (2)  inner end
 (3)  mouth
 (4)  division
*
!-Y3
 3. Dotting the marshy expanse of the Florida Everglades are
    little islands known locally as hammocks.
                         
 (1)  generally
 (2)  to all
 (3)  in that area
 (4)  occasionally
*
!-Y4
 4. Voluntarism is a tradition in the United States, but how
                     
    people realize that up to fifty-two percent of the adult
    population is engaged in some kind of volunteer service?
 (1)  need
 (2)  business
 (3)  diversion
 (4)  custom
*
!-Y1
 5. Neon light is utilized in airport because it can permeate
                                                     
    fog.
 (1)  pass through
 (2)  transmit
 (3)  suspend
 (4)  break up
*
!-Y4
 6. When preparing a diet, a person should be aware that
                     
    vitamin D acts to increase the amount of calcium absorbed
    by the body.
 (1)  schedule of exercises
 (2)  nutritional plan
 (3)  study on longevity
 (4)  medicinal chart
*
!-Y2
 7. Graffiti painting was among the latest trends in modern art
    represented in the exhibition "New York / New Wave",
    organized in 1981 by Diego Cortez
    
 (1)  acclaimed
 (2)  arranged
 (3)  reviewed
 (4)  revealed
*
!-Y4
 8. Sand is found in abundance on the seashore and is often
                  
    blown inland to form sand hills and dunes.
 (1)  at random
 (2)  at high tide
 (3)  in dry mounds
 (4)  in great quantities
*
!-Y4
 9. The cheetah is considered the fastest of all land animal.
                   
 (1)    recorded as
 (2)    substituted for
 (3)    compelled to be
 (4)    expected to be
*
!-Y3
 10. Sara Mayo Hospital in New Orleans was so named in
    recognition of Dr. Mayo's outstanding humanitarianism.
                              
  (1)   exhaustive
  (2)   charitable
  (3)   remarkable
  (4)   widespread
*
!-Y1
 11. It is not possible for people to remember everything that
                                      
    they have thought, felt, or done.
  (1)   recall
  (2)   appreciate
  (3)   repeat
  (4)   discuss
*
!-Y4
 12. A computer will always follow the same sequence when
                                            
    solving a problem, no matter how complicated that problem
    may be.
  (1)   imprint
  (2)   definition
  (3)   progression
  (4)   ordinance
*
!-Y2
 13. After leaving a particularly raucous concert, some rock
                                  
    music fans complain about ringing in their ears known as
    tinnitus.
  (1)   crowded
  (2)   loud
  (3)   unpleasant
  (4)   lively
*
!-Y2
 14. The peahen is a bit smaller than the peacock and does not
                   
    have a long, colorful tail.
  (1)   often
  (2)   somewhat
  (3)   supposedly
  (4)   appreciably
*
!-Y1
 15. Fainting, or a temporary loss of consciousness, may be
    brought about by an insufficient supply of oxygen to the
                        
    brain.
  (1)   inappropriate
  (2)   inadequate
  (3)   unstable
  (4)   undiluted
*
!-Y1
 16. Extracted from flaxseed, linseed oil is the principal
     
    source of drying oil for paint and varnish.
  (1)   Derived
  (2)   Differentiated
  (3)   Detached
  (4)   Descended
*
!-Y3
 17. Pocahontas, a seventeenth-century Powhatan Indian, went to
    the Jamestown colony as her father's emissary.
                                         
  (1)   ward
  (2)   attendant
  (3)   messenger
  (4)   translator
*
!-Y4
 18. Feudal society depended on the existence of faithful
                                                 
    vassals.
  (1)   diligent
  (2)   gullible
  (3)   pious
  (4)   loyal
*
!-Y1
 19. Ranging from solitary to gregarious, beaked whales may
     
    travel in schools of several hundreds during the breeding
    season.
  (1)   Varying
  (2)   Raving
  (3)   Grazing
  (4)   Turning
*
!-Y3
 20. Weight lifting is the gymnastic sport of lifting weights
    in a prescribed manner.
         
  (1)   vigorous
  (2)   popular
  (3)   certain
  (4)   careful
*
!-Y3
 21. The fragrance of cedarwood seems to render it offensive
         
    to insects.
  (1)   bark
  (2)   hardness
  (3)   scent
  (4)   texture
*
!-Y2
 22. Immigrants entering the United States at the turn of the
    century often encountered living conditions radically
                                                
    different from those they had left behind.
  (1)   apparently
  (2)   drastically
  (3)   admittedly
  (4)   tragically
*
!-Y2
 23. Tryouts for community orchestras are frequently judged by
     
    committees.
  (1)   Advertisements
  (2)   Auditions
  (3)   Performances
  (4)   Novelties
*
!-Y1
 24. In 1925 Clarence Darrow competently opposed William
                             
    Jennings Bryan at the renowned "Monkey Trial".
  (1)   adeptly
  (2)   maliciously
  (3)   privately
  (4)   rashly
*
!-Y4
 25. Children who are provided with positive feedback for
    aggressiveness will incorporate this kind of conduct into
    their standard stock of behaviors.
                   
  (1)   repertory
  (2)   understanding
  (3)   bond
  (4)   lineage
*
!-Y4
 26. The National Science Foundation disseminates information
                                     
    relating to scientific resources.
  (1)   records
  (2)   discuss
  (3)   obtains
  (4)   disperses
*
!-Y1
 27. Alaska boasts of several climates due to its lofty
                                                  
    mountains. warm ocean currents, and frozen seas.
  (1)   towering
  (2)   countless
  (3)   rugged
  (4)   ageless
*
!-Y4
 28. The labor movement in the United States seeks to achieve
                                             
    economic reform within the existing free enterprise system.
  (1)   hopes
  (2)   plots
  (3)   profess
  (4)   endeavors
*
!-Y4
 29. Before the arrival of farmers and ranchers, the rolling
    plains of Texas were pristine prairies.
                         
  (1)   prismatic
  (2)   unbounded
  (3)   inimitable
  (4)   unspoiled
*
!-Y2
 30. Nightshade is an example of a plant used purely for
                                              
    medicinal purposes
  (1)   after processing
  (2)   exclusively
  (3)   in many places
  (4)   practically
*
@-M4
 DIRECTIONS: In the rest of this section you will read several
             passages. Each one is followed by several questions
             about it. For questions 31-60, you are to choose the one
             BEST answer, (1),(2),(3), or (4), to each question.
             Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the
             question and mark the letter you have chosen.
             Answer all question following a passage on the basis
             of what is STATED or IMPLIED in this passage.
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Questions 31-34.
        A new atomic clock being developed for navigation
    satellites will perform better than previous devices. The
    clock, which incorporates a hydrogen maser, will use new
    microwave cavity design to provide a compact and lightweight
    package, and new electronic techniques to maintain long-term
    stability. The clock can provide precise navigation
    information because it is stable to one second in three
    million years. The differences in the time when signals
    from four satellites arrive at one location can be used to
    calculate that position to within a few yards.
*
!-Y4
 31. From the passage it can be inferred that which of the
     following characteristics of the clock mentioned will be
     most impressive?
     (1) its compact size
     (2) its weight
     (3) its accurateness
     (4) its ability to measure distance
*
!-Y1
 32. It can be inferred from the passage that the new clock
    will be
   (1)  long-lasting.
   (2)  harmful to humans.
   (3)  produced in great numbers.
   (4)  very attractively looking.
*
!-Y4
 33. According to  the passage, signals from how many satellites
    will be used to calculate a position?
   (1)  1
   (2)  2
   (3)  3
   (4)  4
*
!-Y4
 34. What is the primary concern of the  passage?
   (1)  To teach a lesson.
   (2)  To sell a product.
   (3)  To support a theory.
   (4)  To provide information.
*
@-M7
  
                   Questions 35-41.
    The body of nearly all flowering plants can be divided in
    two systems, the root system which grows below ground and
    the shoot system which grows above it. The typical root
    system anchors the plant firmly in the soil, and absorbs
 (5)water and various dissolved raw materials from it, the
    typical shoot system consists of a main stem upon which are
    born leaves, branch shoots, and sometimes flowers. It should
    be emphasized, that the words stem and shoot are not
    synonymous, the word "shoot" being a collective term for
 (10)both stem and leaves. The leaves are the chief food-
    producing organ of the plant, making complex foods in the
    presence of light by a process called photosynthesis. The
    name stem supports the leaves, displaying them in the light
    needed for photosynthesis, and also acts as the main channel
 (15)of communication between the various organs of the plant.
    Water and  dissolved  materials absorbed by the roots are
    carried in the stem to the leaves and flowers, and foods
    synthesized in the leaves are conducted away through the
    stem to other regions of the plant, both above and below
 (20)grounds, where they are either used for growth or else
    stored for future use. Flowers are organs that are concerned
    with the reproduction of the species by seed.
*
!-Y3
 35. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
   (1)  how plants produce seeds
   (2)  different types of flowers
   (3)  the structure of plants
   (4)  how leaves grow
*
!-Y4
 36. According to the  passage, what is the main function of
    the root system?
   (1)  to absorb light for growth
   (2)  to create minerals for nutrition
   (3)  to speed the reproduction process
   (4)  to support the plant in the ground
*
!-Y2
 37. With which of the following would the author be most
    likely to agree?
   (1)  the shoot is part of the stem
   (2)  the stem is part of the shoot
   (3)  the stem and the shoot are identical
   (4)  the stem is not part of a flowering plant
*
!-Y1
 38. The major food-producing part of a plant is the
   (1)  leaf
   (2)  root
   (3)  flower
   (4)  stem
*
!-Y2
 39. In line 20, the word "they" refers to
   (1)  regions
   (2)  foods
   (3)  leaves
   (4)  flowers
*
!-Y2
 40. Author implies that plants with flowers
   (1)  are likely to have long roots
   (2)  are not reproducing organisms
   (3)  can be grown from seeds
   (4)  are the most beautiful of all plants
*
!-Y3
 41. What did the paragraph preceding the passage most probably
    discuss?
   (1)  the anatomy of fruit-breeding trees
   (2)  methods of increasing plant productivity
   (3)  the definition of a plant body
   (4)  the differences between flowers and leaves
*
@-M6
 
                   Questions 42-47.
    (This passage was written in 1982)
    Suppose that we lined up our roughly 14 million United
 States businesses in order of size, starting with the smaller,
 along an imagined road from San-Francisco to New York. There
 will be 4,500 businesses to the mile, or a little less than one
 per foot. Suppose further that we placed a flag for each
 business. The height of the flagpole represents the annual
 volume of sales; each $10,000 is shown by one foot of pole.
    The line of flagpoles is a very interesting sight. From San-
 Francisco to about Reno, Nevada, it is almost unnoticeable, a row
 of poles about a foot high. From Reno Eastward the poles increase
 in height until, near Columbus, Ohio - about four-fifth of the
 way across the nation - flags fly about 10 feet in the air.
    But as we approach the Eastern terminus, the poles suddenly
 begin to mount. There are about 300,000 firms in the country
 with sales over $500,000. These corporations occupy the last
 75 miles of the 3,000-mile road. There are 200,000 firms with
 sales over $1 million. They occupy the last 50 miles. Then
 there are 1,000 firms  with sales of $50,000,000 or more. They
 take up last quarter mile before the city limits, flags flying
 at cloud height, 5,000 feet up.
    At the very gates of New York, on the last 100 feet of the
 last mile, we find the 100 largest industrial firms. They have
 sales of at least $1.5 billion, so that their flags are already
 miles high. Along the last 10 feet of road, there are the 10
 largest companies. Their sales are roughly $10 billion and up.
 Their flags 190 miles in the air, literally in the stratosphere.
*
!-Y4
 42. What is the author's main purpose in this passage?
   (1)  to show why largest firms are in New York
   (2)  to provide an overview of the size of United States
        businesses
   (3)  to explain how United States businesses use flagpoles
   (4)  to illustrate the geographical distribution of United
        States businesses
*
!-Y2
 43. The flagpoles mentioned in the passage increase in height
    from
    (1) East to West.
    (2) West to East.
    (3) North to South.
    (4) South to North.
*
!-Y3
 44. The height of a flagpole for a particular firm is based on
    the firm's
    (1) number of employees.
    (2) profit in dollars.
    (3) sales in dollars.
    (4) total area of building space.
*
!-Y2
 45. As used throughout this passage, the word "foot" refers a
    (1) lower end of an object.
    (2) measurement of length.
    (3) part of the body.
    (4) unit of poetry.
*
!-Y1
 46. How many United States business firms have sales of at
    least $50 million?
    (1) 1,000
    (2) 3,000
    (3) 200,000
    (4) 300,000
*
!-Y4
 47. How high are the flagpoles on the segment of road containing
    the ten largest companies?
    (1) 1 mile
    (2) 10 miles
    (3) 100 miles
    (4) 190 miles
*
@-M6
 
                   Questions 48-53.
    A preventive medicine specialist may have found the reason
 for the "addictive" properties of regular exercise. The finding
 may also explain why athletes often fail to notice injure until
 after the competition is over. Dr Lee S. Berk has found that
 persons who exercise regularly  produce high levels of a natural
 opiate called beta-endorphin in response to strenuous activity.
 This substance, a hormone produced by the brain and the
 pituitary gland, increase pain tolerance, counters stress, and
 imparts a feeling of well-being. In his study of six men and six
 women who were tested on a treadmill, those who jogged regularly
 and were physically fit produced  beta-endorphin more rapidly
 and in far greater amounts than those who were usually
 sedentary. After the activity was stopped,  beta-endorphin
 levels dropped back to normal. In the nonrunners, only a small
 rise in  beta-endorphin occurred while they  exercised. However,
 a larger increase in  beta-endorphin production was noted some
 time after the activity was finished, when it was ineffective.
 Dr. Berk noted   beta-endorphin production may also account for
 other benefits of vigorous exercise., such as ability to lower
 blood pressure and suppress appetite, both of which are known
 effects of the hormone. "Beta-endorphin may also explain why
 people become addicted to exercise", Dr. Berk said.
*
!-Y3
 48. What is the main topic of the passage?
    (1) the importance of regular exercise
    (2) preventive medicine
    (3) an effect of regular exercise
    (4) drug addiction
*
!-Y4
 49. According to the passage, all of the following are direct
    effects of  beta-endorphin EXCEPT
    (1) reduced stress.
    (2) a feeling of well-being.
    (3) an increased tolerance of pain.
    (4) improved physical strength.
*
!-Y1
 50. In persons who  exercise regularly,  beta-endorphin is
    produced
    (1) while they are exercising.
    (2) after vigorous activity is over.
    (3) as soon as an injury occurs.
    (4) whenever their blood pressure rises.
*
!-Y12
 51. How many people participated in the study?
    (1) 6
    (2) 12
    (3) 18
    (4) 24
*
!-Y3
 52. According to the passage, which of the following is true
    of people who get no strenuous physical exercise?
    (1) They usually have high blood pressure.
    (2) They do not generally feel well.
    (3) They produce little beta-endorphin.
    (4) They outnumber those who jog regularly.
*
!-Y4
 53. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the
    following people might benefit the most from the effects
    of beta-endorphin?
    (1) Those who want to lose weight.
    (2) Those addicted to opiates.
    (3) Those who work inefficiently.
    (4) Those with low blood pressure.
*
@-M7
 
                   Questions 54-60.
        During the second half of the nineteenth century in the
     United States both the impetus to produce landscape art
     and the subject of  landscape altered appreciably as the
     pressure of events surrounding  the Civil War witnessed
 (5) the emergence of a new national consciousness. It was a
     time when certain fundamental religious beliefs were
     assaulted by new scientific doctrines and when new
     critical writings, particularly  those of John Ruskin,
     exercised an important influence on art. The landscape
 (10)painting from the Ganz collection provide an opportunity
     to examine the shifts in taste and the pluralities of
     style that characterized American landscape painting,
     especially in the later part of the century.
        In the early years of the nineteenth century American
 (20)landscape was closely associated  with the republican
     ideals of the new nation and took on significance in the
     popular imagination as a form of national propaganda.
     Landscape painting was conceived of as a vehicle for the
     articulation of the new republic's unique historical and
 (25)moral position in world history. This position was
     subscribed to by Thomas Cole, the dean of the Hudson River
     School,  and was based on a religious interpretation of
     wilderness motifs. While the American concern for the
     founding of a school of historical landscape was most
 (30)assertive in the first half of the century and is attested
     to in such greatly ambitious paintings as Cole's famous
     moral allegory depicting the "Course of Europe", interest
     in creating a national art based on American nature
     continued to influence the formal evolution of landscape
 (35)painting.
*
!-Y4
 54. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
    (1) The moral position of the United States in world history
    (2) John Ruskin's influence on nineteenth-century art
    (3) A religious interpretations of wilderness motifs
    (4) The evolution of  landscape painting in the United
        States
*
!-Y4
 55. What phenomenon does the author mention as occurring at the
    time of the Civil War?
    (1) The revival of fundamental religious beliefs
    (2) An increased interest in national geography
    (3) A period of stagnation in the arts and sciences
    (4) The emergence of a new national consciousness
*
!-Y1
 56. According to the passage, why is the Ganz collection
    significant?
    (1) It reflects changes in American landscape painting.
    (2) It includes many critical writings of the era.
    (3) It appeals to the popular imagination.
    (4) It documents the painting of the  Hudson River School.
*
!-Y3
 57.  According to the passage, landscape painting early in the
     nineteenth century was used to
    (1) finance a school of historical landscape painting.
    (2) further the ambitions of young politicians.
    (3) represent and reaffirm the ideals of a new nation.
    (4) realistically depict the country's physical beauty.
*
!-Y2
 58. The term "vehicle" in line 23 can be replaced by
    (1) a form
    (2) an instrument
    (3) a print
    (4) an automobile
*
!-Y2
 59. Why does the author mention "Course of Europe"?
    (1) to criticize the use of allegory in art
    (2) to create an awareness of United States history
    (3) to contrast Cole with his contemporaries
    (4) to give an example of a painting typical to the time
*
!-Y4
 60. The author implies that a nation's art is often used to
    express the
    (1) ideology behind the country's educational system.
    (2) artist's changes in mood and temperament.
    (3) prevailing thought and ideals of its people.
    (4) tensions between different political parties.
*